Overspark

It can be run as root, but it doesn’t have to, as it is only accessing the host network, not any user-specific network. Crossing the boundaries from host network to user-specific networks is left to the reverse proxies running as those specific users.

Port 80 and 443 can normally only be bound as root, but you can work around that with either firewall rules or by using something like this in your sysctl config:

net.ipv4.ip_unprivileged_port_start = 80  

You can use the per-user reverse proxies as a bridge between the host network and the user-specific internal network. So for a user coming from outside the path looks like this:

User -> main reverse proxy on main IP and port 80/443 -> user-specific proxy listening on main IP with port 8080 and proxying to user-specific internal network -> destination container listening on user-specific internal network.

And for a container running as a different user the path will be the same, but the user-specific reverse proxy will be listening on port 8081 and higher for example.

The solution to this can be multiple reverse proxies. Each user runs it’s own reverse proxy (if you actually need one, otherwise you let the container bind directly to a port on the host system). Then you run one main reverse proxy on port 80/443 that proxies to those other ports based on hostname.

The upside of this construction is that containers running as different users can’t directly access each others internal networks, which is much better for security, as those networks often contain barely protected services, which is why you’re using a reverse proxy in the first place.

Edit: there are different options with custom networks and such, but they’re even more complicated so I wouldn’t advise them.

Yeah that’s completely normal, looks absolutely fine to me. For more info on how linux uses memory I suggest reading https://www.linuxatemyram.com/

To add: that link suggests looking if your swap usage is changing. Linux is quite happy to stuff some memory that isn’t actually used in swap. If it was right about it not being used you should see the swap usage not changing much, so your SSD isn’t really being used either apart from the initial swap-out. If your swap usage keeps fluctuating wildly there is more going on which might warrant further investigation.

This has nothing to do with cars being electric, the ad was shown on modern ICE BMW’s too.

One of the main advantages of Optane doesn’t easily show in a benchmark: it doesn’t have to do any cleanup. Normal SSD’s cheat all the time by caching writes in DRAM and an SLC portion of the NAND. Usually that works fine and you won’t notice, but if you keep writing then at some point performance will plummet dramatically. Also, the SSD’s need a breather every now and then to rewrite that cached data to it’s final place, during which time performance is also worse.

Optane doesn’t need any of that. You can write to it at max speed 24/7 and it’ll just take it and keep going, at ridiculously low latency. Perfect for handling large non-stop data streams, or workloads that need a guaranteed low latency (both for reading and writing). It’s a real shame the concept failed, the tech was fantastic.